In contrast, caffeine and glycine increased the contraction frequency. wilhelma was significantly decreased by adrenaline and NO, with the same tendency for cAMP and acetylcholine. The frequency of the endogenous contraction rhythm of T. Induction by cAMP was delayed, while glycine lead to a bi-phasic contraction response. The induction by glycine and cAMP followed patterns varying from other substances. wilhelma was induced by caffeine, glycine, serotonine, nitric oxide (NO) and extracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In order to evaluate candidate coordination pathways, we extracorporeally tested a number of chemical messengers, agonists and antagonists known from chemical signalling pathways in animals with CNS. We have chosen the contractile and locomotive species Tethya wilhelma (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) as a model system for our research, using quantitative analysis based on digital time lapse imaging. Therefore, they represent a valuable phylum to investigate coordination systems, which evolved in a hypothetical Urmetazoon prior to the central nervous system (CNS) of later metazoa. Sponges (Porifera) are nerve- and muscleless metazoa, but display coordinated motor reactions.
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